WASHINGTON The Trump administration on Wednesday made public the federal governments first proposal to control planet-warming pollution from airplanes, but the draft regulation would not push the airlines beyond emissions limits they have set for themselves. Entering the new year, the aviation industry faces considerable challenges and risks ahead. This section specifically discusses the US law of air transport. Moreover, airlines also struggled with increasing labour demands from the part of employees. The loud and clear message I heard from the airline industry was to implement that standard, Mr. Wheeler said. There are many regulations which require airlines to offer safe travel along with high-quality services. John F. O'Connell; George Williams (Editor), Attention All Passengers: The Airlines' Dangerous Descent -- and How to Reclaim Our Skies, Clipped Wings: Corporate Social Responsibility and the Airline Industry, From Lowlands to High Skies: a Multilevel Jurisdictional Approach Towards Air Law, Full Upright and Locked Position: Not-So-Comfortable Truths About Air Travel Today, Peter Belobaba (Editor); Cynthia Barnhart (Editor); Amedeo Odoni (Editor), International Air Carrier Liability: Safety and Security, Andrew J. Harakas; American Bar Association, Tort Trial and Insurance Practice Section Staff (Contribution by), Managing the Skies: Public Policy, Organization, and Financing of Air Traffic Management, The Principles and Practice of International Aviation Law, Progressive Commercialization of Airline Governance Culture, The Routledge Companion to Air Transport Management, Nigel Halpern (Editor); Anne Graham (Editor), https://guides.library.harvard.edu/aviation_regulation, Regulation of the Aviation Industry: Major Players, Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Researching Aviation Law Topics: Selected Treatises, Researching Aviation Law Topics: HOLLIS Searches, Researching Aviation Law Topics: Book Series, Researching Aviation Law Topics: Getting the Deal Through, Airline Deregulation Act of 1978: Selected Research Resources, https://www.transportation.gov/airconsumer, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2004-title14-vol1/content-detail.html, https://www.loc.gov/aba/cataloging/subject/, HOLLIS Subject Search: Aeronautics -- Commercial -- Deregulation, HOLLIS Subject Search: Aeronautics -- Law and Legislation, HOLLIS Subject Search: Airlines -- Deregulation, HOLLIS Subject Search: Airlines -- Management, HOLLIS Subject Search: Carriers -- Law and Legislation, HOLLIS Subject Search: Liability for Aircraft Accidents, HOLLIS Subject Search: Products Liability -- Airplanes, HOLLIS Subject Search: United States -- Federal Aviation Administration, Essential Air and Space Law (Eleven International Publishing), Getting the Deal Through: Air Transport - United States, Journal of Air Law and Commerce (Journal), Transportation Law Emerging Issues (Current Awareness Service), Transportation Safety and Insurance Law (Treatise), Airline Industry Information (Current Awareness Service), Aviation Tort and Regulatory Law (Treatise), Federal Aviation Administration Administrative Decisions and Guidance, US Code Annotated (USCA) - Title 49, Subtitle VII - Aviation Programs, Williston on Contracts: Contracts of Carriage by Sea and Air (Treatise), Airline Deregulation: Changes in Airfares, Service, and Safety at Small, Medium-Sized, and Large Communities, HeinOnline - Legislative History of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, ProQuest Legislative Insight - Legislative History of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. Airline manufacturers praised the rule. He has worked in international sales, customer relations and public relations for major airlines, and has written for Demand Studios since May 2009. A forecast update on the global commercial airline fleet and aftermarket for 2022. These include supply decisions by oil suppliers, refinery expansion by oil companies and government decisions to open offshore drilling and fund alternate fuel research. This process involves huge finances; however, airlines cannot even compromise because even the passengers are held accountable for their carbon footprint. The airline industry is one that is very dependent on the economy of a country in that, when the economy is not doing so well, there are higher chances that it will also be experiencing difficulties in terms of revenue. People may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. Now passengers prefer those airlines which are providing extended services at low fares. These regulations cover all aspects of the airline industry, including the airlines themselves (carriers), as well as their equipment (aircraft) and pilots (airmen). Bryan Watt, a spokesman for Boeing, called the new rule a major step forward for protecting the environment and supporting sustainable growth of commercial aviation and the United States economy.. Fuel is a very major expenditure of the industry and airlines are required to invest more in environmentally friendly and fuel-efficient aircraft. Booking.com awaits Supreme Court ruling as the USPTO appeals previous decisions finding BOOKING.COM, though a combination of generic terms, can be protected through trademark registration. The letter L in the word Itreported its first profit of $5 billion in 2006 after four consecutive years of losses. Source: HeinOnline subscription database. Airlines are made responsible for air crashes or any other type of damage or disaster. It took three years for the global airline industry to recover the 6% decline in revenue between 2000 and 2001. Both of those rules replaced far more stringent climate change standards developed by the Obama administration, and in both cases the new rules allow for more planet-warming emissions than their predecessors. Getting the Deal Through is a subscription database that provides information about applicable law in several business-related practice areas for multiple jurisdictions. The airline industry is widely impacted by regulations and restrictions related to international trade, tax policy, and competition. In order to meet the changing demands of consumers, airlines are required to incorporate changes. PESTLE analysis is a tool used to highlight the external factors such as political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental factors that affect companies operations within an industry. If you are an affiliate of Harvard Law School, you are welcome to contact us at research@law.harvard.edu for additional help. Why political and legal factors impact the airline industry. The airline industry is widely impacted by regulations and restrictions related to international trade, tax policy, and competition. Its also impacted by issues like war, terrorism, and the outbreak of diseasessuch as Ebola. These issues are political. The aviation industry also conducts advertising campaign on the social platform for attracting more clients. Passenger traffic decreased by 5.9% year-over-year (or YoY) in 2001 and 1.4% in 2002. For more information on how we can assist with airline industry legal issues please contact us. General 1.1 Please list and briefly describe the principal legislation and regulatory bodies which apply to and/or regulate aviation in your jurisdiction. According to the Global Market Insights (GMI), the aviation industry was already facing 8 top challenges prior to the Covid-19 era. Feedback on this guide is welcome. In addition, this Title includes regulations regarding airspace and air traffic. Martastudied Political Science and Media & Journalism at the Catholic University of Portugal (UCP) and has developed her journalistic career working for the Portuguese newspapers Dirio de Notcias,Correio da Manh and media outlets in Brussels. All companies in the airline industryincluding the top U.S. companies like Delta (DAL), United (UAL), American (AAL), Southwest (LUV) and JetBlue (JBLU)were negativelyimpacted by the 2001terror attack. Published. Failing to be tech-savvy can result in loss of clients. PESTLE analysis is a strategic method through which airline companies can weigh all external factors that are affecting business. In addition, private companies may also institute policies that affect the industry's viability, such as policies about fuel. But those emissions are projected to triple by 2050, according to the International Civil Aviation Organization. The pandemic brought greater turbulence to the administrative aspect of traveling, adding extra bureaucracy starting with the Passenger Location Form (PLF) to the much-contested vaccine passports or certificates. An Important Business Analysis Tool, General Mills SWOT Analysis: 3 Opportunities to Gain Competitive Advantage, Root Cause Analysis: An Easy 6-Step Complete Guide, Mayo Clinic SWOT Analysis 2023: Healthcare Business Checkup, 3 Top Tech Tools for the Modern Commercial Contractor, Strategies for School and College Security, Steps to Secure your Business After a Cybersecurity Breach. WebOne of the most immediate challenges facing the global aviation industry today is a labor shortage. of Transportation looking into practices of travel websites and question of whether flight information is proprietary and protectable by the airlines. Harvard University Digital Accessibility Policy. Climate changes also have an impact on the aviation industry as airlines are now required to practice green flying procedure for protecting the environment. The airline industry is widely impacted by regulations and restrictions related to international trade, tax policy, and competition. How Times reporters cover politics. In most countries, there are strict regulations for the aviation industry. Concluding, it can be said that the global airline industry has become very competitive and is a very expensive business as well. Two important macro-environmental factors that may affect an organisation in the airlines industry are Economic and Technological factors. The links below are to sources related to this topic that are available in the LexisAdvancesubscription legal research database. WebPESTLE Analysis of Airline Industry Political Environment. administrator, before a Senate committee hearing in May. Unfortunately, none of these challenges are likely to disappear from the radar, rather, with the Covid-19 pandemic, much of the challenges will be exacerbated. Finally, section 6 concludes the study. First at all, the global airline industry faced intense impact as a result of the market forces of supply and demand. In fact, the change in demand is one of the most important factors which affected to the airline industry. The initial variable that can shift demand curve is income. If he wins the presidency, his administration would most likely ignore the Trump proposal and write a new, more stringent one. Researching There are many laws devised for air traffic and the safety and security of passengers. In 2016, the Obama administration released a legal conclusion known as an endangerment finding, which determined that the planet-warming pollution produced by airplanes endangers human health by contributing to climate change. Its also impacted by issues like war, Overview: External factors that influence the airline industry (Part 3 of 9), Political and legal factors that impact the airline industry. Customers tend to choose airlines based on the characteristics of their services, which include on-board amenities, safety, entertainment, and ground services (Wen & Yeh, 2010). In this section, we will have a look at the external factors affecting companies in the airline industry. 1001 and 1030). Unauthorized attempts to upload information and/or change information on any portion of this site are strictly prohibited and are subject to prosecution under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 and the National Information Infrastructure Protection Act of 1996 (see Title 18 U.S.C. As the single most important cost, policies affecting both fuel supply and price greatly affect airline viability. Airline companies face similar legal issues as businesses in theAutomotive, Technology, and Retailindustries. Fiscal policies such as excise taxes on airline tickets increase consumer prices, and that affects demand. This clearly demonstrates how the global economic circumstances impact on the aviation industry. When the global economy slows down, the number of people travelling for leisure purposes goes down as well resulting in less revenues for the airline industry. Insecurity or war factors that affect particular countries always have a negative impact on the airline industry. Daniel Rutherford, program director for aviation with the International Council for Clean Transportation, said the standard would not require any new investment in fuel-efficient technology. Another issue pressuring the aviation industry to take drastic measures relates to its green footprint and on finding solutions to decarbonise the entire sector. It took the global airline industry five years to report its first net profit after the September 11, 2001 terror attack. The shortfall is being felt in every category from pilot, to baggage handler, to ticket agent, to flight attendant, to aircraft mechanic. Legal Factors To operate in a society, a business must abide by laws. The importance of technological factors can be understood from the heavy use of technology in the global airline industry. Aircraft Trading, Finance and Leasing 3. Note: We do not offer technical support for developing or debugging scripted downloading processes. Materials from the ProQuest Legislative Insight subscription database. A case in point has been the several flights cancelled due to the Omicron variant, causing havoc before Christmas. Regulatory Bodies Those standards are just a joke, said Clare Lakewood, an attorney with the Center for Biological Diversity, an advocacy group. In the medium run, airline companies face two uncertainties: The cost of health-related measures. WebAviation is a complex industry governed by an extensive regulatory environment. The Harvard Library collections include some book series that are related to aviation law, and the links below are to pre-populated HOLLIS searches by book series title. Automation is yet another factor affecting the airline industry as people make use of Skype features or hold a conference call instead of travelling. In 2001, the global airline industry recorded losses of $13 billion. WebCommon legal issues faced in the airline industry include: Commercial and regulatory issues in connection with Federal Aviation Authority (FAA), Department of Transportation (DOT), Note: This book is not available in the Harvard Library collections. Below is a list of selected treatises on this topic that are available from the collections of the Harvard Library. These regulations cover all aspects of the airline industry, including the airlines themselves (carriers), as well as their equipment (aircraft) and pilots (airmen). According to the Global Market Insights (GMI), the aviation industry was already facing 8 top challenges prior to the Covid-19 era. Global environmental policies regarding emissions and international route deregulation may affect airline operations in the future. WebThe push force for climate action by individuals and international regulatory bodies incentivize airline groups to react and adjust their long-term strategies for sustainable Financial impact of September 11, 2001, on the airline industry. Other pledges were put forward during the Glasgow Conference in late 2021. This increasing cost of doing business, facing competition from low-cost airlines, abiding with the rules and regulations imposed by the government as well as changes in the profile and demand of consumers have led the industry to make its external factor analysis for meeting the industry requirements. Discrimination law Copyright, patents / Intellectual property law Consumer protection and e-commerce Employment law Health and safety law Data Protection To match the reduced demand, airlines were forced to cut capacity by 2.8% in 2001 and 3.9% in 2002. Along with this, however, has come a steady increase in flight cancellations due to labor shortages. Monetary policies determine interest rates and an airlines ability to purchase aircraft. Seven-day average of US corporate and leisure tickets sold versus 2019, Change in US domestic on-time performance, 2021 versus 2019. Its also impacted by issues like Airline Industry Analysis Despite increasing levels of airborne passenger and cargo traffic, revenue for the global airlines industry has grown sluggishly over the past five years as unstable fuel prices and rising competition have set downward pressure on airline ticket prices and freight shipping rates, restraining industry revenue growth. Revenue per available seat mile (RASM), Global Fleet & MRO Market Forecast 20222032. It reported its first profit of $5 billion in 2006 after four consecutive years of losses. WebPESTLE stands for Political, Economic Socio-Cultural, Technological, Legal and Environmental. Global commitments are preferred over regional initiatives to ensure the competitiveness of the aviation sector and its supply of fuel. Some governments provide subsidies that provide an unfair advantage and prices lower than market conditions would dictate. Making a PESTLE analysis will help in determining the weak areas and how much efforts are required to invest so as to get back to the right way. Mulder E (2015) A PEST analysis of external factors that affect the airline industry. Many of these materials are provided as searchable full-text PDFs. Staving off a lawsuit, the Environmental Protection Agency has proposed new regulations to hold airlines to the carbon dioxide emissions standards they created. To allow for equitable access to all users, SEC reserves the right to limit requests originating from undeclared automated tools. These issues are political. WebDemand for air travel is also affected by factors such as economic conditions, war or the threat of war, fare levels and weather conditions. a plan drafted largely by international airline companies and adopted in 2016 by the International Civil Aviation Organization, a United Nations body. By using this site, you are agreeing to security monitoring and auditing. In addition, demand for air travel at For more information, please see the SECs Web Site Privacy and Security Policy. In Future 1. Sitemap, British Airways operates more than 280 aircraft, Political Factors Affecting British Airways, British Airways PESTLE Analysis: Final Thoughts, the pound experienced historic depreciation, s a direct effect on the airline industry, decided to reduce the legroom of its planes, the first airline that used sustainable fuel, What is PESTLE Analysis? So while Times staff members may vote, they are not allowed to endorse or campaign for candidates or political causes. Full text of the Act from the Government Printing Office (GPO). Economic factors have a deep influence on the airline industry. Informative and inspiring worldwide coverage. If U.S. aircraft manufacturers cannot have their products certified to the internationally agreed standards, U.S. airlines will not be able to purchase these aircraft for international service, she said. This includes participating in marches or rallies in support of a movement or giving money to, or raising money for, any political candidate or election cause. Thank you for your interest in the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. It is unlikely that the rule will be finalized before the end of this year, and former Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr. has campaigned on a platform of aggressive climate action. In addition, this Title includes regulations regarding airspace and air traffic. Please declare your traffic by updating your user agent to include company specific information. to establish a rule. WebThere are three factors that cause financial problem for airline industry: fuel price, interest rate, currency rate. Definition. AirlinesAutomotiveBlockchain TechnologyConsumer ProductsCosmeticsCryptocurrencyCybersecurityDigital ArtsDigital MarketingEcommerceEnergyFashionLuxury BrandsHealth TechnologyProfessional ServicesReal Estate DevelopersRestaurantsRetailSoftwareSporting GoodsTechnologyTelecommunications. That plan required a 4-percent reduction in fuel consumption of new aircraft starting in 2028 compared with 2015 deliveries. With the signature of the Glasgow Declaration on Climate Action, a new gold standard for tourism leaders, holds the pledge of more than 100 travel companies to deliver towards decarbonisation by 2050 and halve current CO2 emissions by 2030. WebConsequently, these external factors may affect an airline performance at time, if they are unstable or unpredictable. Federal regulations related to the airline industry can be found under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 C.F.R.) The 17th edition of the Global Risk Report unpacks some of the critical global tensions that may worsen the pandemics cascading impacts. Mr. Wheeler said he was referring to a 2019 regulation on greenhouse emissions from power plants and an April rule governing emissions from vehicle tailpipes. We reserve the right to block IP addresses that submit excessive requests. Proposes Airplane Emission Standards That Airlines Already Meet, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/22/climate/airplanes-climate-change.html. 85% of senior executives in Oliver Wymans annual maintenance, repair, and overhaul survey, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) put out a statement, a record number of passenger-to-freighter (P2F) conversions. Last year, Nancy Young, the vice president for environmental affairs at Airlines for America, a group that lobbies for the airline industry, testified to Congress that her members needed the federal government to create a legal certification demonstrating that American-made aircraft comply with the international standard. Blog authored by Klemchuk LLP, a patent law firm. To ensure our website performs well for all users, the SEC monitors the frequency of requests for SEC.gov content to ensure automated searches do not impact the ability of others to access SEC.gov content. Aviation is a complex industry governed by an extensive regulatory environment. Economic Factors Affecting the Airline Industry. To showcase and help us That notice expires on July 28, but with the release of the draft rule, the environmental groups no longer have grounds to sue the administration to release a regulation on aviation pollution. Consumer protection legislation requiring airlines to limit tarmac time during weather delays increases the flight cancellation rate, decreasing revenue. Dept. Nevertheless, there are various challenges that the airline industry faces which includes high operational costs, regulatory frameworks and demanding clientele. Current guidelines limit users to a total of no more than 10 requests per second, regardless of the number of machines used to submit requests. Government policies directly affect the airline industry. And international route deregulation may affect airline operations in the airlines industry are Economic Technological! Issues like war, terrorism, and that affects demand into practices of travel websites and question of flight!, we will have a deep influence on the aviation industry as airlines are made for! By international airline companies face similar legal issues please contact US at research @ law.harvard.edu for help... 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